What Is Selective Breeding to Produce a Superior Individual or Race?

Selective breeding involves selecting parents that take characteristics of interest in the promise that their offspring inherit those desirable characteristics.

What is selective convenance?

• Selective breeding involves choosing parents with detail characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics.
• Humans have selectively bred plants and animals for thousands of years including:
  • crop plants with better yields
  • ornamental plants with particular flower shapes and colours
  • farm animals that produce more, better quality meat or wool
  • dogs with particular physiques and temperaments, suited to exercise jobs similar herd sheep or collect pheasants.
• Selective convenance aims to adjust an organism's characteristics in a way that is desirable to the humans that breed them.

Humans accept selectively bred apples to create lots of unlike varieties.
Image credit: Shutterstock

How does selective breeding piece of work?

• An organism's characteristics are partly adamant by the combination of cistron variants that are passed on from one generation to the next. For example, the children of alpine parents may themselves be alpine if they inherit a combination of 'tall' gene variants.
• Nosotros tin take advantage of this to selectively brood animals or plants, choosing parents with particular characteristics to produce offspring that have those characteristics.
  • For example, if we breed alpine parents together and exclude shorter parents, the offspring should inherit "tall" gene variants that make them tall.
  • Some of the offspring may even be taller than both of their parents, considering they may inherit a combination of different "alpine" gene variants from each parent and together these make the offspring taller.
  • With repeated selective breeding over multiple generations this population will get taller and taller.

A diagram showing the effect of selectively convenance for height in plants.
Image credit: Genome Research Limited

 Problems with selective convenance

• Selective breeding oft results in a population of animals or plants with very similar genetics.
• Like genetics means that the population will accept the aforementioned strengths only also the same weaknesses.
• Infectious diseases are more likely to spread through genetically like populations considering they are vulnerable to the same diseases.
• Selective breeding oft involves breeding individuals that are closely related, known as inbreeding.
  • Inbred populations are more likely to suffer from genetic atmospheric condition caused past recessive gene variants because they are more likely to inherit two copies of the recessive variants, one from each parent.

 Types of selective breeding

Inbreeding

• If we desire to establish a population of organisms with predictable characteristics we tend to "inbreed".
• Inbreeding is when the animals bred are very shut relatives, such every bit siblings.
• Connected inbreeding results in offspring that are very genetically alike.
• After many generations of inbreeding, the offspring volition exist nearly genetically identical, and will produce identical offspring. When this happens, an organism is described as inbred or purebred.
• Examples of purebred animals are Labrador Retriever dogs and Siamese cats.

Purebred dogs like the Labrador Retriever were originally established through many generations of inbreeding. Image credit: PetsNerd.com

Linebreeding

• Linebreeding is a blazon of inbreeding.
• It involves breeding together more distant relatives, such equally cousins.
• This reduces the charge per unit at which the breed becomes 'purebred', reducing the risk of sick-health that tin sometimes be seen with purebred individuals.

 Self-pollination

• Near plants have both male and female reproductive parts.
• Some species are naturally able to transfer the male gametes (sperm) in the pollen to the female person parts of the flower where the female gametes (eggs) are. This is called self-pollination.
• The offspring of plants that self-pollinate are not identical to the parent plant, because their genes are shuffled during reproduction.
• Plant breeders can apply self-pollination as a type of inbreeding, creating plants that are genetically more identical and that produce identical offspring afterward many generations.

 Crossbreeding

• Crossbreeding involves breeding 2 unrelated individuals.
• This is ofttimes used to produce offspring with desirable characteristics from ii different individuals.
• Crossbreeding 2 purebred organisms volition produce offspring that display the characteristics of interest.
• For case, Poodles are crossed with Labrador Retrievers to combine a Poodle'south low-shedding coat with the Labrador's calm, trainable temperament. The resulting 'Labradoodle' is a guide dog suitable for people with allergies.
• Crossbreeding non-purebred parents will have less predictable outcomes.

The Labradoodle is a crossbred canis familiaris resulting from breeding a Labrador with a poodle

Selective breeding versus natural selection

• Although they both result in genetic changes over generations, selective breeding and natural selection are dissimilar.
• Natural selection is driven past environmental factors that limit survival and reproduction, such as harsh environments or competition for mates.
• Selective breeding is too known as artificial selection. Artificial choice is driven by human intervention.

 Selective breeding versus genetic engineering

• Although both selective convenance and genetic engineering change an organism'due south genetic characteristics, they are unlike processes.
• Selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present gene variants in a species and the natural procedure of convenance.
• Genetic engineering involves a direct modify to an organism'south genome in the laboratory.
• Factor variants made through genetic technology can be passed from one generation to the next.

This page was terminal updated on 2021-07-21

adamshimeacerhe.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-selective-breeding

Share this post